"Ib hnub iav" yog ib lo lus nrog Suav cov yam ntxwv thiab muab faib los ntawm kev siv. Nws cov peev txheej tsuas yog siv cov khoom siv iav dav siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Dating rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm kev tsim ntawm Tuam Tshoj Tshiab, nrog rau subdivision ntawm industrial sectors, niaj hnub iav kev lag luam tau muab cais raws li lub teeb kev lag luam, aiming kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub. Raws li qhov no, iav niaj hnub tuaj yeem txhais tau hais tias: iav khoom siv hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Txawm hais tias qhov kev txhais no yog qhov nkag siab thiab nkag siab yooj yim, nws cov ciam teb tseem tsis meej me ntsis hauv cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb.
Cov kws tshawb fawb txawv teb chaws xws li Macfarlane, hauv nws phau ntawv "Lub Ntiaj Teb ntawm iav", tau faib iav ua ntau pawg raws li nws siv. Ntawm lawv, Verroterie (iav hlaws dai, cov khoom ua si thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub) thiab Verrerie (tableware, vases thiab lwm yam ntim) ob leeg ua tau raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov iav niaj hnub, uas yog, pab tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub.
Evolution ntawm Scope ntawm iav niaj hnub
Txij li thaum xyoo 1980, nrog kev txhim kho txuas ntxiv ntawm kev kawm qib siab hauv tsev, cov phau ntawv tshaj lij rau iav niaj hnub tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau phau ntawv, tom qab ntau qhov kev sib tham thiab kev hloov kho, cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov iav niaj hnub tau txiav txim siab thaum kawg, suav nrog lub raj mis iav, iav iav, iav kos duab, iav iav, thermos iav, iav tshuaj, iav iav, hluav taws xob qhov chaw thiab teeb pom kev zoo. iav, thiab lwm yam. Qhov kev faib tawm no tsis tsuas yog qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam, tab sis kuj suav nrog kev siv tiag tiag ntawm iav niaj hnub.
Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov neeg siv khoom, txoj haujlwm kev lag luam ntawm qee cov khoom iav niaj hnub tau maj mam ploj mus. Piv txwv li, kev siv cov tsom iav qhov muag tau maj mam txo qis vim qhov nrov ntawm cov lo ntsiab muag resin; thaum lub iav kos duab thiab cov iav zoo nkauj muaj qhov chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm kev siv niaj hnub thiab kos duab thiab khoom siv tes ua vim lawv cov txiaj ntsig zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom iav no feem ntau siv cov txheej txheem zoo sib xws thiab cov khoom siv ua iav niaj hnub thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom, yog li lawv tseem tuaj yeem suav tias yog qhov txuas ntxiv ntawm cov iav niaj hnub.
Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tsim nyog sau cia tias nrog kev nce qib ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, qee lub tsom iav tshwj xeeb thiab cov tsom iav ua haujlwm uas tau siv los ua haujlwm hauv cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb tau maj mam nkag mus rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub. Piv txwv li, lithium aluminium silicon system microcrystalline iav yog Ameslikas siv nyob rau hauv high-tech teb xws li radar tiv thaiv npog, thiab tam sim no tau los ua ib tug zoo tagnrho khoom rau cookers, tableware thiab microwave ncu; thiab cov iav ua haujlwm xws li luminous iav kuj tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo niaj hnub xws li LEDs. Cov kev hloov pauv no tsis tsuas yog txhawb cov hom thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm iav niaj hnub, tab sis kuj tseem nthuav dav nws cov chaw siv thiab chaw ua lag luam.
Kev loj hlob ntawm iav niaj hnub
Txhua hnub iav muaj keeb kwm ntev. Ntawm cov iav ntau yam, iav niaj hnub tau tsim thiab siv los ntawm tib neeg thaum ntxov. Thaum xub thawj, nws tau siv los ua cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab kos duab, thiab tom qab ntawd nthuav dav mus rau cov thawv thiab cov khoom siv. Hauv 3500 BC, cov poj koob yawm txwv hauv Mesopotamia (tam sim no Iraq) siv iav precursors los ua imitation hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab jade. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, av nplaum thiab nplaum tau siv los ua ib qho tseem ceeb, thiab tom qab ntawd sib tov ntawm quartz xuab zeb, ntuj alkali los yog tsob ntoo tshauv tau muab tso rau hauv lub crucible. Ntuj alkali feem ntau qhia txog sodium, thiab tsob ntoo tshauv muaj poov tshuaj, sodium thiab calcium. Tom qab cua sov, lub iav precursor (thawj iav) tau tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd cov tub ntxhais tawg tau muab tso rau hauv cov iav qub, los yog cov iav qub tau raug mob nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hauv paus los ua cov hlaws dai, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov thawv. Txoj kev molding no hu ua txoj kev tawg core. Thaum pib, qhov sib tov tau muab rhaub kom tsuas yog 700 ~ 800 degree, thiab tom qab sintering, tsuas yog ib feem ntawm cov iav thiab cov xuab zeb uas tsis tau yaj tuaj yeem tsim. Nws yog hu ua faience txawv teb chaws thiab glaze xuab zeb hauv Suav. Thaum cov cua kub kub nce mus txog 1000C lossis siab dua, cov ntsiab lus iav yog siab dua li cov xuab zeb glaze, uas yog hu ua frit. Glaze xuab zeb thiab frit yog ob qho tib si iav precursors, los yog iav primitive, tab sis frit yog ib kauj ruam ze dua rau iav tiag tiag li glaze xuab zeb. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov poj koob yawm txwv kuj tau siv txoj hauv kev carving los hollow tag nrho cov iav precursor rau hauv lub thawv.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th BC, Mesopotamian glassmaking tshuab tau qhia rau Syria, Cyprus, tim lyiv teb chaws thiab thaj av Aegean, nrog rau tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Rome yog tus sawv cev tshaj plaws. Tim lyiv teb chaws ua monochrome iav hlaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th BC thiab xim inlaid iav hlaws nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10 BC. Ntxiv nrog rau cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, txoj kev casting kuj tau siv los ua cov iav pharaoh hau. Nyob rau hauv 1350 BC, iav fwj tau tsim los siv cov txheej txheem txhim kho, thiab qhov saum npoo kuj tau muab cov xim kab txaij rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj.
Mesopotamian thiab Egyptian iav yog tsim los ntawm sodium calcium silicate, nrog silicon dioxide qhia los ntawm quartz xuab zeb thiab alkali hlau qhia los ntawm ntuj alkali thiab ntoo tshauv. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov iav Iyiv thaum ub qhia tau tias Pb {{0}} thiab BaO yog cov lej, thiab qee cov iav muaj tsawg dua 5% Pb0. Cov xim yog feem ntau tooj liab thiab manganese, thiab cobalt tsis tshua siv.
Nyob rau sab hnub poob Zhou Dynasty nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 11th BC, iav niaj hnub hauv kuv lub teb chaws pib sprout thiab glaze xuab zeb hlaws dai. Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 8 BC mus rau lub xyoo pua 3 BC thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg thiab Warring States, theem ntawm glaze xuab zeb ntau lawm, thiab ib co ntawm lawv twb nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm iav xuab zeb. Thaum Lub Sijhawm Warring States, iav thawj cov khoom twb tau tsim, xws li cov iav xiav thiab lub teeb xiav ntawm rab ntaj tiv thaiv ntawm King Fuchai ntawm Wu thiab King Goujian ntawm Yue.
Cov neeg niaj hnub no tau txheeb xyuas cov khoom lag luam glaze xuab zeb uas tau pom los ntawm lub qhov ntxa ntawm Chu los ntawm nruab nrab mus rau qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 6 BC thiab pom tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm glaze xuab zeb khoom nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntxa ntawm Chu thiab Western Zhou Dynasty zoo ib yam. Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem suav hais tias cov neeg Chu tau kawm txog kev tsim tshuab ntawm glaze xuab zeb los ntawm Zhou cov neeg thiab tsim nws. Ua ntej, lawv tau txais ntau yam iav tivthaiv tshuab. Ntxiv nrog rau cov poov tshuaj-calcium-silicon thiab sodium-calcium-silicon systems, kuj tseem muaj cov tshuab silicon-lead thiab silicon-lead-barium systems. Cov xim yog hlau thiab tooj liab, thiab iav yog daj-ntsuab lossis xiav. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain) thiab bronze warehouses nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws kuj tau tsim. Cov plooj (porcelain glaze) yog glassy, thiab cov plooj (porcelain glaze drops) tuaj yeem tsim cov iav hlaws; lub slag thaum lub sij hawm smelting ntawm bronze ware kuj yuav glassy, uas muab tej yam kev mob rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm iav nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws. Cov poov tshuaj-calcium-silicon muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Suav iav thaum ub yog txawv ntawm sodium-calcium-silicon muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Western iav thaum ub, thaum lub sij hawm silicon-lead-barium muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob ze rau slag ntawm bronze smelting, uas tsis pom nyob rau hauv ancient Western. iav; cov porcelain firing furnace thiab bronze smelting rauv kuj muab cov khoom siv rau iav melting. Yog li ntawd, qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov iav qub qub uas tsis tau pom dua tsis tau qhia los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, tab sis tau tsim los ntawm kuv lub teb chaws, uas yog, txoj kev xav tsim tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem iav, ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb, kuj tseem muaj txoj hauv kev molding los ntawm cov av nplaum pwm ntawm bronze casting. Cov pwm muab faib ua ob daim, sab sauv thiab qis. Cov iav yaj yog nchuav rau hauv cov pwm qis thiab nias nrog cov pwm sab sauv los ua cov iav phab ntsa, ntaj nplhaib, daim hlau, pob ntseg khob, thiab lwm yam.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 10 BC, iav manufacturing technology tau qhia rau tim Nkij teb chaws los ntawm West Asia los ntawm Mediterranean thiab Crete. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 4th mus rau 2nd xyoo BC, Greek niaj hnub iav kev lag luam tended mus rau mature, siv ob qho tib si txoj kev tseem ceeb los ua iav fwj thiab cov txheej txheem pouring los ua iav tais. Cov iav niaj hnub thiab cov tais diav tau siv hauv tebchaws Greece. Lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg tseem yog dej qab zib-txiv qaub iav, muaj ib qho me me ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab magnesium, thiab cobalt oxide thiab nickel oxide yog siv los ua cov xim.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5 BC, Rome yog lub chaw tsim khoom ntawm iav. Nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua AD, cov neeg Loos (qee cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias nws yog cov neeg Syrians) tau tsim lub tshuab tshuab thiab tsim cov tshuab tshuab, ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau iav tsim tshuab. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm iav txiav, engraving, painting, txheej thiab lwm yam sib sib zog nqus ua, cov neeg Loos tau innovate, thiab cov khoom kuj hloov los ntawm opaque iav hlaws dai thiab dai kom zoo nkauj rau pob tshab iav fwj, iav iav, tiaj tus iav, iav iav, thiab mosaic iav. Txoj kev tshuab tshuab xav kom cov iav viscosity qis dua cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab cov txheej txheem nchuav, thiab cov iav yaj qhov kub siab dua. Lub sijhawm no, lub khob rauv tau txhim kho, qhov kub thiab txias tau nce, thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm txoj kev tshuab tshuab tau ua tiav. Cov iav zoo sib xws thiab pob tshab kuj tau txhim kho.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th mus rau 3rd xyoo BC, Sassanid Dynasty ntawm Persian faj tim teb chaws siv txoj kev tshuab los tsim txhua hnub iav tais, lub cev, khob, thiab lub raj mis. Qhov saum npoo tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog lub voj voog lossis oval nrog pwm los yog ua kom sov, uas yog hu ua Sasanian iav nto moo.
Los ntawm 206 BC rau 220 AD, nws yog Han Dynasty hauv kuv lub tebchaws. Los ntawm cov iav me me thiab jade bi mus rau cov khoom siv niaj hnub thiab cov iav tiaj tus ntawm qhov loj me, qhov pom tseeb kuj tau txhim kho: 16 lub khob iav ntsuab, iav beasts, thiab cov iav fragments unearthed los ntawm thaum ntxov Western Han Dynasty tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo. pov thawj. iav hmuv thiab iav jade khaub ncaws unearthed los ntawm tombs nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab lig Western Han Dynasty tau ua los ntawm sodium-calcium iav es tsis txhob ntawm lead-barium iav. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau kwv yees tias lawv tau raug xa tawm los ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, tab sis lwm cov kws tshawb fawb ntseeg tias cov duab ntawm cov hmuv zoo ib yam li cov hmuv tooj liab uas tau pom nyob rau lwm qhov hauv lub tebchaws, yog li lawv tau ua hauv Suav teb. Thaum lub sijhawm Han Dynasty, iav kuj hu ua Liuli (Liuli, Luli), thiab lub npe no tau siv los txog niaj hnub no.
Lub Wei, Jin, Southern thiab Northern Dynasties yog ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib pauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Sab Hnub Poob. Iav ornaments thiab ntim tau raug xa tawm mus rau kuv lub tebchaws los ntawm West Asia los ntawm Txoj Kev Silk Road. Lub khob tshuab tshuab kuj tau qhia los ntawm Rome. Thaum kawg ntawm Northern Wei Dynasty, kuv lub teb chaws tau siv txoj kev tshuab los tsim cov khoom hollow xws li iav txhua hnub thiab khob. Tshwj xeeb, thaum lub sijhawm yav qab teb thiab Northern Dynasties nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 5th AD, iav craftsmen tau caw los ntawm Persia siv txoj kev moldless tshuab tshuab khob khob, khob khob, khob tais thiab lwm yam khoom hollow. Qhov loj thiab ntim tau kuj loj, cov zis kuj nce, thiab tus nqi raug txo. iav tsis yog tsuas yog ua raws li cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab jade xwb, tab sis kuj tau siv los ua cov khoom siv niaj hnub. Kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv cov iav niaj hnub tau nkag mus rau theem tshiab.
Nyob rau hauv Sui Dynasty, kev faib nruab nrab ntawm Northern thiab yav qab teb Dynasty xaus. Tus huab tais tau hais kom cov thawj coj ntawm lub palace rov pib tsim cov iav, caw cov neeg Yuezhi hauv Central Asia los ua iav, thiab pib siv cov iav tsom iav kom haum rau txoj kev tsim khoom, tshuab raj iav ntsuab, khob khob thiab iav phaj.
Kev sib koom ua nom tswv, kev lag luam thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Tang Dynasty tau muab cov xwm txheej zoo rau kev txhim kho iav. Cov iav muaj pes tsawg leeg tsim los ntawm cov hlau lead thiab barium hauv Han Dynasty mus rau cov khoom siv lead ua siab, thiab cov khoom siv sodium thiab calcium tau siv rau lub sijhawm tom qab. Moulding adopts molding, tuag casting, dawb molding thiab tshuab txoj kev. Muaj ntau yam khoom iav, nrog rau cov khoom siv dag zog, xws li imitation jade bi, ntaj ornaments, hlaws dai, cim ntses, thiab lwm yam.; tseem muaj cov rooj tog zaum thiab khoom siv niaj hnub tshwj xeeb rau tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, xws li cov iav tsom iav siab siab, lub raj mis, cov kaus poom, lub thawv, tshuaj yej tais thiab cov tuav lub tais; Kuj tseem muaj cov khoom siv hauv kev cai dab qhuas, xws li cov fwj zoo nkauj, iav txiv hmab txiv ntoo (Anagami txiv hmab txiv ntoo), lub raj mis gourd, khob thiab cov tuav khob.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th AD, lub raj mis naj hoom, cov tais diav, cov tais diav, thiab cov teeb ntawm qhov sib txawv, cov duab, thiab xim tau tsim nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Arab. Iav nrog pom tseeb Islamic kab lis kev cai yam ntxwv ntawm cov duab thiab kho kom zoo nkauj hu ua Islamic iav. Nyob rau hauv lub 9th mus rau 12 centuries, Arabs kuj tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj nto xws li gilding, painting, xim glaze, thiab engraving. Feem ntau cov iav Islamic yog dej qab zib-lime silicate iav, thiab tsuas yog ob peb hom yog cov iav iav siab.
Los ntawm 960 txog 1234 AD, nws yog lub sijhawm Nkauj, Liao, thiab Jin. Txawm hais tias Song Dynasty tau ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev tsim khoom siv ceramic, kev tsim iav niaj hnub tuaj yeem tswj hwm qib ntawm Tang Dynasty. Lub Liao Dynasty tau nquag pauv nrog West Asian iav. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, Sassanid, Byzantine, thiab Islamic-style khob khob thiab lub raj mis tau pom nyob rau hauv Northeast Tuam Tshoj thiab Inner Mongolia.
Venice pib tsim iav hauv 982 AD. Lub 13th mus rau 17th centuries AD yog nws lub hnub qub. Txij li thaum 1291, nws tau ua lub ntiaj teb lub iav qhov chaw. Nws cov khoom muaj xws li khob, dej hlab ntsha, cov hlab ntsha cawv, daim hlau, lub raj mis naj hoom, tais, iav, iav ornaments, thiab cov rooj tog, uas muag thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim, Venetian iav hais tshwj xeeb rau iav uas tsim los ntawm cov kob ntawm Murano hauv Venice. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 15th, Venetians tau siv cov ntshiab quartzite thiab recrystallized dawb soda tshauv ua raw khoom. Cov iav tsim muaj tsawg dua impurities, zoo dua whiteness, thiab siab dua transparency, uas tau hloov lub tswv yim ntawm tsis tshua muaj pob tshab thiab qhov muag tsis pom kev yav dhau los. Nws zoo ib yam li siv lead ua, yog li nws hu ua Crystal iav (Cristllo). Yav dhau los, tshuab tshuab feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov pwm tsis muaj pwm, thaum Venetian iav khoom feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm pwm tshuab. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem molding, lawv tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog paj tawg (paj), mesh qauv, xim strips, chalcedony (imitation marble), thiab lwm yam. Kev kho deg siv txoj kev xws li engraving, kub plating, glazing, thiab painting, thiab ntau yam kev kho deg. Cov txheej txheem yog siv ua ke los tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb Venetian zoo nkauj style. Hom iav no tsim nyob ib puag ncig ntawm Venice thiab nrog Venetian kho kom zoo nkauj style yog hu ua Venetian iav, thiab tuaj yeem suav tau tias yog cov khoom siv iav Venetian dav.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th, muaj ntau lub khob iav hauv Bohemia (tam sim no sab hnub poob ntawm Czech koom pheej) uas tsim cov khoom iav carved, uas hu ua Bohemian iav. Nyob ib ncig ntawm 1700, cov Bohemians tau siv cov ntoo tshauv uas muaj potassium thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntshiab quartz los tsim cov iav potassium-calcium silicate, uas yog pob tshab dua li Venetian iav thiab lub npe hu ua Bohemian crystal iav (Crysta lex), uas tseem nyob rau niaj hnub no.
Lub 13th mus rau 17th centuries yog Yuan thiab Ming dynasties nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws. Kev tsim thiab siv cov iav niaj hnub kuj tau tsim los piv nrog Song thiab Jin dynasties. Lub Yuan Dynasty tsim lub Guanyu Bureau, thiab ua iav yog ib qho ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Lub sijhawm no, "Guanyu" tau siv los xa mus rau iav, uas xa mus rau iav raug rho tawm hauv lub thawv nrog tshuaj, zoo ib yam li "tshuaj jade" ntawm Song Dynasty. Thaum kawg ntawm Yuan Dynasty thiab thaum pib ntawm Ming Dynasty, iav rhiav yog nyob rau hauv Yanshen Town, Yidu County, Qingzhou Prefecture, Shandong. Lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj lub cub tawg loj uas yaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua khob. Ntxiv rau qhov ncaj qha tsim cov khoom iav niaj hnub, nws kuj tau kos cov khoom siv rau cov neeg ua haujlwm teeb ua "cov khoom siv nkoj". Kuj tseem muaj ib lub cub tawg uas tshwj xeeb ua cov hlaws nplej. Cov iav ntau yam muaj xws li iav hlaws dai, hairpins, tsej, lub lauj kaub saum, chess daim, cua chimes, teeb, cov ntxaij vab tshaus, cua tshuab, ntses tank, dej lauj kaub, hluav taws hlaws, thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv ntau yam duab thiab xim.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th nyob rau sab hnub poob, zus tau tej cov iav niaj hnub tsiv qaum teb los ntawm Ltalis mus rau teb chaws Aas Kiv, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Xyoo 1670 (los yog 1673), British George Ravenscroft tau tsim cov iav txhuas, uas yog, potassium lead silicate muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov iav yog ib qho yooj yim rau yaj, muaj cov khoom siv ntev, tuaj yeem tsim rau hauv cov khoom siv iav, tsis tshua muaj hardness, yooj yim rau zom, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, muaj cov pob tshab siab thiab glossiness uas zoo ib yam li siv lead ua dua li cov iav siv lead ua ntawm Venice. thiab Bohemia. Nws tau lub npe hu ua lead crystal iav (lead crystal iav), los yog siv lead ua iav luv luv, thiab tau los ua cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov iav siv lead ua niaj hnub no.
Kev tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub lig Ming Dynasty kuj cuam tshuam cov iav ntau lawm. Tom qab tsim lub Qing Dynasty, iav ntau lawm rov qab los. Emperor Kangxi tau tsim lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tsev Neeg Imperial los teeb tsa lub Hoobkas iav, uas tau npaj los ntawm Fabkis tus tub txib Guillain. Tom qab ntawd, ob peb tus neeg ua haujlwm Fab Kis tau raug caw ib zaug. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm huab tais Yongzheng, ib tug tshiab Hoobkas tau tsim nyob rau hauv Yuanmingyuan. Los ntawm 1736 txog 1765 (thawj txog 30 xyoo ntawm Emperor Qianlong txoj kev kav), lub Hoobkas iav tau nyob ntawm nws lub ncov. Nws muaj 42 lub tsev khaws khoom thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm, tsim ntau txhiab txhiab yam khoom ua koob tsheej, rooj tog, kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab khoom siv hauv tuam tsev txhua xyoo. Xyoo 1755 (xyoo 20 ntawm Emperor Qianlong txoj kev kav), ib tsab cai lij choj tau tshaj tawm los ua 500 iav snuff fwj thiab 3, 000 khob iav rau lub hom phiaj muab khoom plig. Lub peev xwm ntau lawm thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau tshwm sim.
Cov iav uas tsim los ntawm Imperial Tsev Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Qing Dynasty muaj qhov zoo ntawm melting zoo thiab nplua nuj xim. Muaj ntau tshaj 30 yam ntawm cov iav monochrome, nrog rau Venus iav, iav iav, thiab iav hlau qhwv. Cov duab yog suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Suav, thiab cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo nkauj tau txawv, nrog rau cov xim pleev xim rau iav, iav kub-inlaid, iav kub kos duab, thiab iav carved. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev ua zes, cov xim iav ntawm nesting ranges ntawm ob hom (ob xim) mus rau yim hom iav (yim xim), thiab ces carved siv lub jade carving txoj kev, ua lub ntiaj teb nto moo Qianlong iav.
Nyob rau hauv Qing Dynasty, ntxiv rau lub iav Hoobkas ntawm Imperial Tsev Lub Tuam Tsev, cov chaw tsim khoom siv iav tseem ceeb suav nrog Beijing, Boshan thiab Guangzhou. Beijing cov chav ua haujlwm iav ntiag tug tau qis dua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov iav ntau yam, kom muaj nuj nqis thiab zoo. Cov khoom tseem ceeb yog iav, uas yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv strips rhuab los ntawm lub teeb los ua lub raj mis snuff, khoom siv spouts, potted paj, gourds, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, pendants, thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv lub Qing Dynasty, Zibo lub iav ntau lawm tau mus txog nws ncov. Muaj peb hom kiln: lub cub tawg loj, lub cub tawg thiab lub cub tawg. Coal los yog coke tau siv los ua roj kom nce qhov kub thiab txias. Ntxiv rau kev tsim cov khoom siv iav, lawv kuj tsim cov khoom siv rau cov iav iav. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tau siv rau kev siv tus kheej, thiab lwm qhov raug xa mus rau Beijing los ua iav hauv Beijing. Guangzhou yog lub rooj vag mus rau yav qab teb kuv lub teb chaws kev thauj mus los hauv hiav txwv. Thaum kawg ntawm lub sijhawm Kangxi, Guangzhou kev lag luam glassmaking tau tsim, tsim cov thawv ntim khoom, iav npog tais thiab lwm yam khoom, dhau los ua lub khob iav nyob rau sab qab teb, tab sis cov txheej txheem kev lag luam thiab cov khoom lag luam tau qis dua rau cov chaw ua haujlwm hauv palace.
Nyob rau xyoo 1760, sab hnub poob tau pib muaj kev hloov pauv hauv tebchaws Askiv, uas txhawb kev hloov pauv ntawm iav los ntawm kev tsim khoom siv tes ua rau kev tsim khoom siv tshuab. Mechanized zus tau tej cov iav yog thawj zaug ntawm tag nrho cov kev loj hlob ntawm pwm manufacturing. Xyoo 1825, Lub Tuam Txhab Baker hauv Pittsburgh, Tebchaws Asmeskas, tau tsim lub iav tuag-casting tshuab thiab
Yav dhau los, iav melting siv crucible furnaces, uas muaj tsawg thermal efficiency, tsis tshua muaj melting kub, txwv ntau lawm, thiab tsis phim mechanized ntau lawm. Xyoo 1841, Siemens cov kwv tij (Robert Siemens thiab Friedrich Siemens) tau koom tes los kawm txog cov regenerator melting rauv. Xyoo 1867, Friedrich Siemens tau ua tiav thawj zaug regenerator tank rauv hauv Dresden, lub teb chaws Yelemees. Xyoo 1873, hom no lub tshuab hluav taws xob tau muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom hauv Belgium, siv coke cub roj lossis lub tshuab hluav taws xob roj ua roj, thiab siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob kom rov qab tau cov roj hluav taws xob pov tseg. Lub thermal efficiency tau txhim kho zoo, qhov kub thiab txias tau nce, thiab cov iav melting zoo tau txhim kho. Nws tuaj yeem tsim cov kab ntau lawm nrog lub tshuab moulding tshuab, nteg lub hauv paus rau qhov loj-scale mechanized zus tau tej cov iav niaj hnub yav tom ntej.
Nyob rau hauv 1847, Magoun tau ntse siv lub hinged bimetallic pwm los tsim iav tableware thiab iav fwj. Xyoo 1882, Arbo-gast tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj rau iav nias, hloov pauv thiab pwm thib ob ntawm cov iav tiav, uas yog txoj kev xovxwm tshuab. Xyoo 1886, nws tau tsim lub tshuab molding, uas coj mus rau lub semi-automatic press-blowing era ntawm lub qhov ncauj qhov ncauj ua ntej 1890. Nws tsis yog txog 1890 uas thawj lub cev muaj zog-tsav lub raj mis ua tshuab tau tshwm sim.
Xyoo 1903, Owens pib tsim lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus lub raj mis, hu ua Owens lub raj mis ua tshuab. Nws tau ua tiav hauv 1904-1905 thiab nyob hauv khw ob peb xyoos tom qab. Nws tsis yog txog thaum 1915-1920 uas lwm hom molding tshuab pib sib tw. Lub sijhawm no, muaj 200 lub tshuab nqus tsev nqus lub raj mis ua tshuab uas tsim 45% ntawm American iav fwj. Txawm li cas los xij, Owens tshuab yog loj heev, siv hluav taws xob ntau, thiab tsuas yog tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov fwj nrog ib tus qauv thiab cov khoom loj.
Xyoo 1915, Grabam Machinery Company tau tsim lub tshuab pub khoom noj, thiab xyoo 1920, Hartford Empire Company tau txhim kho cov khoom noj, thiab qhov zoo ntawm lub raj mis ua tau mus txog qib ntawm Owens tshuab. Tom qab ntawd, Lynch thiab O'Neill lub raj mis ua tshuab tau txais Hartford's feeder, Lynch thiab O'Neill lub raj mis ua tshuab raug nqi tsawg dua Owens cov cav tov, thiab sai sai tau tuav 45% ntawm US lub raj mis ua lag luam.
Xyoo 1925, Hartford engineer Ingle tau tsim lub tshuab ua lub raj mis, uas muaj ob peb ntu, txhua tus tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm lub raj mis ua haujlwm. Txawm hais tias cov pwm hloov pauv, tsuas yog qhov no yuav tsum tau nres, thiab lwm qhov chaw tuaj yeem ua tau raws li niaj zaus. Lub tshuab ua lub raj mis no yog lub npe hu ua IS tshuab tom qab thawj cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub npe ntawm tus neeg tsim khoom Ingle thiab tus thawj tswj tuam txhab Smith. Qee tus neeg kuj xav tias IS tshuab yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Tus Kheej Tshooj. Nyob rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws, nws yog hu ua determinant lub raj mis ua tshuab. IS tshuab tuaj yeem siv txoj kev tshuab tshuab lossis txoj kev siv lub tshuab ua kom lub raj mis thiab cov kaus poom, thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom lag luam nrog cov iav sib txawv thoob plaws hauv lub raj mis lub cev, uas yog, cov khoom siv nrog cov phab ntsa me me sib txawv. Tom qab nws cov lus qhia, nws tau siv dav. Tam sim no, IS cov tshuab suav nrog ntau dua 80% ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm lub raj mis iav ua tshuab.
Thaum txhua hnub iav nyob rau sab hnub poob tau txav mus rau kev tsim khoom siv tshuab, iav niaj hnub hauv kuv lub teb chaws tseem nyob rau theem khoom siv tes ua. Cov khoom yog tsuas yog imitation hniav nyiaj hniav kub, gemstones, decorations, furnishings, thiab collectibles. Muaj ob peb hom iav fwj, rhawv zeb, thiab cov tais diav, thiab cov zis kuj tsawg heev.
Los ntawm kev tuag ntawm Qing Dynasty xyoo 1911 mus rau kev tsim ntawm Tuam Tshoj Tshiab hauv xyoo 1949, kuv lub teb chaws niaj hnub iav kev lag luam yog me me, nrog ntau lub rooj cob qhia me me, cov khoom siv qis thiab tsis zoo. Tsuas yog ob peb lub lag luam uas yog semi-mechanized, lwm tus tau pib phau ntawv ntau lawm. Lawv kuj raug cuam tshuam los ntawm cov khoom txawv teb chaws thiab ntsib kev lag luam poob.
Txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tsim nyob rau hauv Chongqing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Dalian thiab lwm qhov chaw. Lawv tag nrho melted nyob rau hauv crucible kilns, khaws manually, thiab tshuab manually. Lub raj mis thermos tau muab tso rau hauv kuv lub teb chaws xyoo 1921 thiab muab tso rau hauv kev tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1927. Nyob rau xyoo 1930, Jinghua Glass Factory tau tsim nyob rau hauv Qingdao, thiab Lynch rau lub raj mis ua tshuab tau qhia los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas los tsim cov iav fwj. Qhov no yog thawj lub tshuab tsim khoom lag luam ntawm iav niaj hnub hauv kuv lub tebchaws. Qee lub tuam txhab iav kuj tau tsim lub khob ntsuas khob, lub raj mis tshuaj, koob txhaj tshuaj thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho mob hauv cov khoom me me hauv xyoo 1930s. Ua ntej qhov kev tsim ntawm Tuam Tshoj Tshiab, cov zis ntawm iav niaj hnub yog tsawg dua 100,000 tons.
Tom qab kev tsim ntawm Tuam Tshoj Tshiab, kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis thiab kev tsim cov iav niaj hnub tsim, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob theem: thawj theem yog los ntawm 1949 txog 1980, uas yog lub sijhawm rov qab los thiab kev loj hlob; theem ob yog los ntawm 1980 txog rau tam sim no, uas yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai.
Txij li thaum xyoo 1950, kuv lub teb chaws tau ua tiav kev tsim pneumatic rau hom Jiefang 20- hom lub raj mis ua tshuab, plaub-pab pawg thiab rau-pab pawg ib-nco matrix lub raj mis ua tshuab, thiab cov khoom txhawb nqa, maj mam paub txog cov tshuab tsim khoom ntawm ua lub raj mis; thiab tau qhia txog 56 txheej ntawm cov khoom siv molding hauv 20 xyoo, feem ntau yog 8-pab pawg thiab 10-pab pawg ob-poob matrix lub raj mis ua tshuab, uas nce ntau lawm efficiency los ntawm 20 mus rau 30 zaug.
Hais txog khob iav, ib qho 10-chaw nres tsheb khob xovxwm tshuab nrog drip block feeding tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1950, thiab tom qab ntawd 12- thiab 14- chaw nres tsheb khob nias tshuab tau tsim. Xyoo 1980, cov khoom siv phab ntsa nyias nyias tau raug sim ua, thiab H-28 tshuab tshuab thiab hluav taws xob melting rauv rau nruam melting ntawm txhuas siv lead ua iav, acid polishing khoom thiab iav tempering ntau lawm kab tau qhia. Cov khoom siv lead ua iav siv lead ua tau tsim ntau, thiab ntau yam kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab cov txheej txheem kho kom zoo nkauj tau siv los ua kom muaj ntau yam iav iav.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntsuas iav, nyob rau hauv 1953, Shanghai sim-tsim 95 khoom, uas yog ib tug borosilicate iav nrog zoo kub kuj. Tom qab ntawd, GG-17 iav nrog cov cua sov zoo dua tau tsim, ua rau qhov zoo ntawm cov iav iav ze rau qib American Pyrex iav. Nyob rau hauv 1952, lub teb chaws Yelemees tau pab nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm Beijing iav Instrument Factory, thiab tag nrho cov khoom raug xa los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees. Xyoo 1980, Nyiv cov thev naus laus zis tau tshaj tawm rau kev hloov pauv. Nws tau coj iav ntsuas kev tsim khoom mus rau qib tshiab hauv kev tsim khoom, cov cuab yeej tsim khoom, thiab cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis.
Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm thermal rwb thaiv tsev iav, nyob rau hauv 1960, ib tug tsis siv neeg npuas tshuab tshuab rau thermos fwj tau sim ua, thiab lub raj mis liner tau tshuab. Tom qab ntawd, lub tshuab sib khi kab rov tav thiab lub tshuab rub hauv qab tau tsim, uas txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab txo kev siv zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej nyiaj tshiab tau nce, txo cov nyiaj siv li ntawm 1.9 npaug.
Xyoo 1952, tag nrho cov khoom siv iav niaj hnub yog 100, 000 tons; 45.225 lab lub raj mis thermos; Nyob rau hauv 1976, cov zis ntawm iav niaj hnub tau tshaj ib lab, mus txog 1.0383 lab tons. Xyoo 1980s thiab 1990s yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob sai ntawm iav niaj hnub. Xyoo 1985, cov khoom tso tawm ntawm cov iav niaj hnub muaj nuj nqis yog 4.8389 lab tons, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm thermos fwj yog 191.39 lab; nyob rau hauv 1995, cov zis ntawm iav niaj hnub yog 7.4760 lab tons; nyob rau hauv 2005, cov zis ntawm iav niaj hnub yog 8.7175 lab tons, thiab cov zis ntawm thermos fwj yog 289.9762 lab; Nyob rau hauv 2010, cov zis ntawm cov iav niaj hnub thiab ntim ntim yog 19.9314 lab tons, nce 128.7% tshaj 2005, qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo nce ntawm 18%, thiab cov zis ntawm thermos fwj yog 570.658 lab, nce 96.8% tshaj 2005, qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo nce ntawm 14.5%. Hauv xyoo 2012, cov khoom tsim tawm ntawm cov iav niaj hnub thiab cov ntim ntim iav yog 21.887 lab tons, qhov nce xyoo ib xyoos nce ntawm 6.34%; qhov tso tawm ntawm cov iav rwb thaiv tsev ntim yog 771.23 lab, ib xyoos ib zaug nce ntawm 31.13%. kuv lub teb chaws cov khoom tsim tawm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv iav niaj hnub thiab cov thermos fwj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb.
