Qhov tsis xws luag ntawm lub raj mis iav
Muaj ntau yam tsis xws luag hauv lub raj mis iav, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg: qhov tsis xws ntawm lub khob iav thiab qhov tsis xws ntawm molding ntawm lub raj mis iav. Cov iav tsis xws luag yog ze rau ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm kev tsim khoom, xws li cov khoom siv raw, kev npaj cov khoom siv, melting, clarification, homogenization, txias, molding thiab lwm yam txheej txheem ntau lawm. Lub kam rau ntawm iav tsis xws luag nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm cov khoom. Feem ntau hais lus, ntau qhov teeb meem tsis pom zoo tsis raug tso cai hauv cov khoom siv iav, txwv tsis pub nws yuav cuam tshuam rau lub ntsej muag zoo ntawm iav, txo qhov sib xws thiab lub teeb xa mus ntawm iav, txo cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog thiab thermal stability ntawm iav, thiab ua rau ntau cov khoom pov tseg thiab cov khoom tsis raug.
Qhov tsis xws luag hauv lub khob iav
Vim muaj ntau yam kev suav nrog hauv lub khob iav, qhov sib xws ntawm lub khob lub cev raug rhuav tshem, uas yog hu ua qhov tsis xws luag hauv lub khob iav. Raws li lawv cov xeev sib txawv, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: npuas (gas inclusions), pob zeb (cov khoom sib xyaw), streaks thiab nodules (iav inclusions), uas yog sab hauv.
(1) Cov npuas hauv cov iav npuas yog pom cov pa sib xyaw ua ke, uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam roj hauv lub khob. Lawv tsis tsuas yog cuam tshuam qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom iav, tab sis tseem ceeb tshaj, lawv cuam tshuam rau lub pob tshab thiab lub zog txhua yam ntawm iav.
Cov npuas tuaj yeem muab faib ua npuas npuas grey (inch<0.2mm) and bubbles (diameter >0.2mm) raws li lawv qhov loj me; lawv cov duab kuj muaj ntau yam, xws li kheej kheej, elliptical thiab linear. Cov npuas feem ntau muaj O2, N2, CO, CO2, SO2, nitrogen oxides thiab dej vapor.
Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tsim npuas, lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua: thawj npuas (cov npuas seem hauv cov ntaub ntawv batch), cov npuas thib ob, cov npuas sab nraud, cov npuas refractory thiab npuas los ntawm cov hlau hlau.
Tom qab lub iav clarification theem dhau lawm, feem ntau muaj ib co npuas uas tsis khiav tawm kiag li thiab nyob twj ywm hauv iav. Cov npuas no hu ua thawj npuas. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau tiam ntawm thawj npuas yog tsis pom tseeb. Hauv kev tsim khoom, ntau txoj hauv kev tuaj yeem raug coj los ua kom cov pa khiav tawm, xws li nce qhov kub thiab txias, txo cov viscosity ntawm cov kua iav, txo qhov cub siab thiab kho qhov tseeb ntawm cov khoom kom tsim nyog.
Vim muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov txheej txheem hauv lub kiln, npuas (cov hmoov tshauv npuas) tshwm sim hauv cov kua iav ntshiab thaum lub sij hawm molding, uas yog hu ua cov npuas thib ob. Qhov tsim ntawm cov npuas thib ob yog ze ze rau cov txheej txheem iav melting, feem ntau yog vim lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg.
Cov khoom siv refractory nws tus kheej muaj qee qhov porosity, thiab cov pores feem ntau muaj roj. Thaum cov khoom siv refractory tiv tauj cov iav kua, cov iav kua yog nqus los ntawm kev ua haujlwm capillary ntawm qhov hws, thiab cov roj hauv qhov pores yog nyem rau hauv cov kua iav. Tsis tas li ntawd, impurities xws li carbon, hlau, thiab titanium muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom refractory los yog hlau nkag mus rau yaj tom qab corrosion thiab tsim npuas.
Cov pa roj adsorbed rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov iav tawg thiab cov khoom txawv teb chaws coj los ntawm tib neeg, xws li plua plav, thee tshauv, roj thiab lwm yam khoom thiab cov kua dej suav nrog, nkag mus rau lub iav yaj thiab ncaj qha hu rau iav kua los ua npuas.
(2) Cov pob zeb pob zeb yog cov teeb meem txaus ntshai tshaj plaws hauv lub khob iav. Lawv yog crystalline khoom inclusions uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub iav lub cev thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov tsos thiab optical uniformity ntawm iav khoom. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pob zeb thiab cov iav ib puag ncig, kev ntxhov siab hauv zos yog tsim los ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm iav, uas zoo heev txo cov neeg kho tshuab lub zog thiab thermal stability ntawm cov khoom, thiab txawm ua rau cov khoom tawg tau.
Cov pob zeb sib txawv muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov ntxhia sib txawv. Raws li qhov ua rau lawv tsim, pob zeb tau muab faib ua pawg hauv qab no: batch pob zeb (unmelted hais); pob zeb refractory; crystallization pob zeb; sulfate inclusions (alkaline inclusions); "dub pob" thiab txawv teb chaws pollutants.
Batch pob zeb yog cov unmelted feem ntawm cov batch. Feem ntau, nws yog quartz hais, uas yog xim dawb. Nws cov npoo ua puag ncig vim maj mam tawg, thiab nws qhov chaw feem ntau muaj grooves. Muaj lub nplhaib tsis muaj xim nrog lub siab SiO2 cov ntsiab lus nyob ib ncig ntawm cov quartz hais. Nws muaj viscosity siab thiab tsis yooj yim rau diffuse, uas feem ntau ua rau tsim cov leeg ntxhib. Tom qab nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, cov quartz hais yuav maj mam hloov mus rau hauv crystals ntawm cristobalite thiab tridymite.
Refractory pob zeb yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub sij hawm ntev kub ntawm lub cub tawg chimney thiab lub mis phab ntsa ntawm lub melting rauv, thiab cov nyhuv ntawm alkali roj, alkali ya thiab lwm yam volatiles, tsim ib tug glaze txheej nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov khoom refractory. Vim nws cov fluidity thiab nto nro, cov tee yog maj mam tsim. Thaum cov iav tsim tawm mus txog qhov hnyav thiab viscosity, lawv poob los ntawm lub chimney rau hauv cov kua iav los ua pob zeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom siv refractory nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov iav kua yog corroded thiab tev tawm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias rau lub sij hawm ntev, thiab yog tov rau hauv cov khoom iav los ua pob zeb.
Crystallization pob zeb yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov tshuaj tsis sib xws ntawm cov iav lub cev uas ua rau cov kua iav crystallize thaum nws nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias uas yog qhov zoo rau kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov muaju rau lub sijhawm ntev. Crystallization pob zeb feem ntau tshwm ntawm qhov sib cuam tshuam ntawm ob theem.
Sulfate inclusion pob zeb yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov sulfate uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub khob yaj ntau tshaj qhov uas yuav yaj nyob rau hauv lub khob, uas yuav muab cais raws li slag nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm sulfate thiab nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom tiav. Dub inclusions thiab pob zeb yog ncaj qha los yog indirectly muab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv batch. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev qhia txog chromium, hlau, npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam vim kev ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, ua rau muaj qhov tsis xws luag hauv lub khob iav.
(3) Streaks thiab nodules Cov iav heterogeneous suav nrog hauv lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm lub khob yog hu ua streaks thiab nodules. Lawv txawv ntawm lub cev tseem ceeb ntawm iav hauv tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub cev muaj zog. Lawv tsim kev ntxhov siab ntawm lub raj mis thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo thiab qib ntawm cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub teeb yuag iav fwj thiab rhawv zeb, lub zog ntawm streaks ntawm molding yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tseem ceeb thiab yog lub ntsiab tsis xws luag ntawm lub teeb yuag fwj.
Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov pom, streaks thiab nodules protrude mus rau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev ntawm lub khob, muab faib rau hauv lub khob los yog ntawm cov iav. Lawv tuaj yeem yog xim tsis muaj xim, ntsuab lossis xim av. Lawv feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm kab txaij, tab sis kuj muaj tag nrho cov kab thiab fibers, thiab qee zaum lawv zoo li pob thiab protrude.
Raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv qhov tshwm sim, streaks thiab nodules tuaj yeem muab faib ua plaub hom: tsis sib xws melting, kiln iav tee, refractory yaig thiab pob zeb melting.
Thaum lub sij hawm melting txheej txheem ntawm cov iav kua, los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub "homogenization" theem, ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub yaj diffuse rau ib leeg thiab tshem tawm cov unevenness. Yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv batch tsis sib tov sib npaug los yog lub melting kub tsis ruaj tsis khov, qhov kub thiab txias system ntawm homogenization raug puas tsuaj, homogenization tsis zoo tag nrho, thiab cov iav kua nyob rau hauv lub freezing cheeb tsam koom nyob rau hauv cov kua ntws, uas ua rau cov tsos ntawm kab txaij thiab. nodules.
Vim lub volatilization thiab decomposition ntawm volatile tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub yaj, cov ntsiab lus ntawm silica nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov yaj nce. Los yog vim tias cov tee dej ntau dhau nrog cov viscosity siab poob rau hauv lub khob iav, nws cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yog txawv ntawm cov iav loj, thiab nws diffuses qeeb heev hauv cov iav yaj, uas tseem yuav tsim kab txaij thiab nodules.
Cov iav yaj erodes cov khoom siv refractory, thiab cov eroded ib feem yuav poob rau hauv lub khob iav hauv lub xeev crystallized los tsim pob zeb. Nws tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom iav uas yaj hauv lub khob iav. Hom kab txaij thiab nodules yog hom pob zeb ntau tshaj plaws. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub iav yaj nyob rau hauv lub iav lub cev, lub pob zeb maj mam yaj ntawm cov nqi sib txawv. Lub khob lub cev tom qab lub pob zeb yaj tseem muaj cov tshuaj sib txawv ntawm cov iav loj, tsim cov nodules lossis kab txaij.