Ⅰ. Daim ntawv pov thawj xav tau rau kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb
Lub Koom Haum International rau Standardization (ISO) yog ib lub koom haum thoob ntiaj teb lees paub uas tsim thiab ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm kev tswj hwm.
Xws li ISO 7086-1: 2017 tus qauv (thoob ntiaj teb): Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog cov kev sim rau kev tso cov hmoov txhuas thiab cadmium los ntawm cov iav hollow ntim uas siv rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov zaub mov. Cov ntaub ntawv no tseem siv tau rau cov khoom siv iav siv hauv kev lag luam ntim khoom noj.
CCC daim ntawv pov thawj: Lub xeev yuav tsum tau lees paub CCC daim ntawv pov thawj rau cov khoom iav thaum kuaj cov khoom iav kom pom tias lawv tsim nyog. Cov iav fwj uas muab los ntawm Sciendow ntim muaj kev ua tau zoo thiab ua tau raws li cov qauv hauv tebchaws tam sim no.
Ⅱ. Daim ntawv pov thawj xav tau rau cov iav fwj xa tawm mus rau Tebchaws Meskas
Cov iav fwj xa tawm mus rau Tebchaws Meskas yuav tsum tau ua ntau yam kev sim ua haujlwm kom ntseeg tau cov khoom zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb. Kev sim ntau yam xws li kev sim cov cuab yeej ntawm lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg, kuaj cov hlau hnyav, kuaj microbial, thiab lwm yam ntawm iav fwj. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov haujlwm no yuav muab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tsim nyog rau cov iav fwj xa tawm kom ua raws li cov kev cai thiab cov qauv ntawm Asmeskas kev lag luam.
Cov koom haum xws li American National Standards Institute (ANSI) thiab National Glass Association (NGA) ntawm Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim thiab tshaj tawm cov qauv ntsuas lub raj mis uas muaj feem xyuam, uas qhia txog cov qauv tsim, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev, kev ua haujlwm tshuaj lom neeg, thiab lwm yam. iav fwj.
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Cov khoom kuaj
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Kev sim lub hom phiaj
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Test cov ntsiab lus
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qhov loj |
Paub meej tias cov khoom ua tau raws li cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb |
Ntsuas cov khoom qhov siab, txoj kab uas hla thiab lwm yam tsis muaj qhov ntev |
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Kev kuaj lub cev |
Paub meej tias cov khoom hardness, lub zog thiab lwm yam kev ua tau zoo |
Xws li kev ntsuas poob, ntsuas qhov ntsuas cua sov, ntsuas tensile, thiab lwm yam. |
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tshuaj ntsuam xyuas |
Xyuas seb cov khoom puas muaj cov khoom txaus ntshai |
Xws li hnyav hlau nrhiav kom pom, organic teeb meem nrhiav tau, thiab lwm yam. |
1. FDA Kev Xeem Khoom Noj Khoom Haus
Lub US Food and Drug Administration, hu ua FDA, yog ib feem ntawm US Department of Health, Education thiab Welfare thiab yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj cov tshuaj, khoom noj, tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj pleev ib ce, tshuaj kho tsiaj, khoom siv kho mob, thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuam xyuas thoob tebchaws. .
FDA yog lub luag haujlwm rau kev tswj hwm thiab txiav txim siab cov zaub mov qib ntim cov kev xaiv rau cov iav fwj. FDA suav tias cov iav ntim xws li lub raj mis thiab lub raj mis yog cov khoom noj khoom haus tsis ncaj - cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom noj uas yog ib feem ntawm cov ntim khoom lossis cov khoom siv ua haujlwm, tab sis tsis yog tsim los ntxiv rau cov khoom noj. FDA yav dhau los tau hais tias cov dej qab zib-txiv qaub iav fwj thiab cov hub tsis yog "khoom noj khoom haus" raws li tau hais tseg saum toj no. Hauv kev lag luam iav, dej qab zib-txiv qaub iav fwj thiab rhawv yog cais raws li Hom I thiab Hom III. Ob hom iav yog suav tias yog "GRAS", uas txhais tau hais tias feem ntau lees paub tias muaj kev nyab xeeb. GRAS yog ib qho kev xaiv los ntawm FDA uas yog hais txog cov tshuaj los yog cov khoom uas tau ntxiv ncaj qha lossis tsis ncaj rau cov zaub mov thiab pom tias muaj kev nyab xeeb los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij. GRAS thawj zaug tau tshwm sim hauv Kev Hloov Kho Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Xyoo 1958 thiab yuav hloov kho thiab rov sim dua tom qab cov qauv tshiab tau qhia. Yog xav paub ntxiv txog GRAS, mus saib FDA lub vev xaib ntawmhttp://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/GRAS/default.htm.Txhua yam khoom siv thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag ncaj qha nrog cov zaub mov thiab dej haus, lossis ncaj qha tiv tauj tib neeg lub qhov ncauj thiab tus nplaig, yuav tsum dhau FDA tus qauv kuaj thiab ntawv pov thawj ua ntej lawv tuaj yeem nkag mus rau Asmeskas kev lag luam.
Cov hauv qab no yog qee qhov FDA-qib kuaj cov qauv thiab cov khoom kuaj. Cov khoom kuaj pom zoo FDA pom zoo rau cov khoom noj khoom haus yog raws li hauv qab no:
(1) Kev xav tau rau cov organic coatings, hlau thiab electroplated khoom: US FDA CFR 21 175.300.
Txoj kev deionized dej extraction
8% cawv extraction method
n-heptane extraction txoj kev
(2) ABS cov cai US FDA CFR 21 181.32 lossis 180.22.
Txoj kev deionized dej extraction
3% acetic acid extraction method
8% cawv extraction method
n-heptane extraction txoj kev
(3) Cov kev xav tau rau kev sib khi lub nplhaib thiab cov hlua khi ntawm cov thawv ntim khoom noj, xws li silicone roj hmab nplhaib US FDA CFR 21 177.1210
Chloroform soluble extract (deionized water extraction method)
Chloroform soluble extract (8% cawv extraction method)
Chloroform soluble extract (n-heptane extraction method)
(4) EVA xav tau US FDA CFR 21 177.1350
Kev tshem tawm chloroform
(5) Kev xav tau rau melamine resin (melamine) US FDA CFR 21 177.1460
Chloroform soluble extract (deionized water extraction method)
Chloroform soluble extract (8% cawv extraction method)
Chloroform soluble extract (n-heptane extraction method)
(6) Cov Lus Qhia rau PP US FDA CFR 21 177.1520
Qhov ntom
Melting point
N-hexane extraction method
Xylene, benzene extraction method
(7) Cov Lus Qhia rau PE, OP US FDA CFR 21 177.1520
Qhov ntom
N-hexane extraction method
Xylene, benzene extraction method
2. California 65 daim ntawv pov thawj (USA)
California 65 cov kev cai yog ib puag ncig kev cai rau kev siv cov tshuaj lom neeg raug cai lossis carcinogenic. Rau cov khoom xa tawm mus rau California, lawv yuav tsum ua raws li Prop 65 cov cai. Daim ntawv pov thawj no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov iav iav fwj tsis muaj cov tshuaj phem thiab tiv thaiv cov neeg siv khoom noj qab haus huv.
Ⅲ. EU Food GradeEN 12725: 2000 Txheem (Tebchaws Europe)
Qhov no yog tus qauv European uas qhia txog qhov loj, zoo li cas thiab kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov raj mis cawv. Nws suav nrog wine fwj ntawm qhov sib txawv los xyuas kom meej tias lawv tsim nyog rau kev khaws cia thiab kev thauj mus los.
Nyob rau hauv luv luv, wine iav raj mis ntawv pov thawj yog ib tug tseem ceeb kauj ruam los xyuas kom meej cov khoom zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb. Txawm hais tias koj yog cov chaw tsim khoom lossis cov neeg siv khoom, kev nkag siab txog cov qauv ntawv pov thawj no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov iav iav fwj zoo.
EU Food Grade txhais tau tias "cov khoom tsim nyog rau ntim khoom noj." Cov khoom lag luam uas tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov zaub mov ua ntej muag (xws li iav fwj) yuav tsum tau kos nrog EU Food Grade logo ntawm cov khoom lossis ntim khoom.
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee lub xeev EU cov tswv cuab, xws li lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Fabkis, ntxiv rau kev ua raws li EU cov lus qhia nruj me ntsis, kuj tseem muaj cov kev cai noj zaub mov hauv zos uas yuav tsum tau ua raws li, xws li Fabkis DGCCRF2004-64, German LFGB (LMBG), thiab lwm yam. .
Nco tseg:
(1) DGCCR French Food Grade Testing:
Fab Kis DGCCRF yog cov lus Askiv luv luv rau Fabkis cov zaub mov qib kev nyab xeeb. Ntxiv rau kev ua raws li EU cov cai, cov khoom lag luam uas muag rau Fabkis kuj yuav tsum ua raws li Fabkis txoj cai hauv zos, suav nrog Fab Kis DGCCRF 2004-64 thiab Fabkis Décret noº 92-631.
Qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Fabkis DGCCR yog tias Fabkis xav tau cov txheej txheem thiab cov khoom siv sab hauv los kuaj nyias.
Nrog rau kev ua raws li EU cov cai tswj hwm qib zaub mov, EU cov tswvcuab hauv lub xeev tau ua tib zoo saib seb cov khoom lag luam puas tuaj yeem siv tau zoo. Cov tswvcuab sib txawv saib xyuas qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus sib cuag thiab cov khoom siv hauv khw raws li lawv tus kheej cov kev cai noj zaub mov. Yog li ntawd, rau cov khoom xa tawm mus rau EU, kev lis kev cai ntawm EU cov tswvcuab hauv lub xeev yuav ua random tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov khoom raws li cov kev cai uas cuam tshuam, thiab cov uas tsis ua raws li cov qauv yuav raug rau cov kev pheej hmoo rov qab los.
Cov hauv qab no yog cov khoom siv dav dav Fabkis txoj kev sim ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau ua
1. Kev kuaj kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw rau melamine resin khoom, formaldehyde dissolution test
2. Lead thiab cadmium dissolution test rau ceramics, iav, thiab siv lead ua khoom
3. Heavy hlau dissolution xeem (lead, cadmium, chromium, npib tsib xee) rau hlau, alloys, thiab electroplating khoom, sensory test
4. Kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom siv txhuas, aluminium alloy khoom, cov khoom siv hlau, thiab cov hlau muaj pes tsawg leeg tsom rau cov khoom siv hlau stainless, kev kuaj kev tsiv teb tsaws
5. Lwm cov alloys thiab cov hlau txwv tsis pub cov hlau xeem, hnyav hlau nickel thiab chromium migration test
(2) German LFGB (LMBG)
Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2005, German Food and Dietary Supplies Law LFGB tshiab tau hloov Txoj Cai Lij Choj Khoom Noj thiab Khoom Noj Txhua Hnub LMBG. Nws tseem yog lub npe hu ua "Food, Tobacco Products, Cosmetics and Other Daily Necessities Management Law", uas yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev cai lij choj hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees txoj kev tswj hwm kev noj zaub mov thiab cov txheej txheem thiab cov ntsiab lus rau kev tsim lwm yam tshwj xeeb kev noj zaub mov kev cai thiab kev cai. . Txawm li cas los xij, nws kuj tau raug kho dua nyob rau xyoo tas los no, feem ntau kom phim cov qauv European. Cov kev cai ua kom dav dav thiab yooj yim rau txhua yam ntawm cov zaub mov German. Tag nrho cov khoom noj thiab tag nrho cov khoom noj uas yuav tsum tau muaj nyob rau niaj hnub German lag luam yuav tsum ua raws li nws cov kev cai yooj yim. Cov khoom tsim nyog txhua hnub uas tau ntsib nrog cov zaub mov thiab tau dhau qhov kev sim thiab ua raws li Tshooj 30 thiab 31 ntawm German Food and Daily Necessities Act tuaj yeem tau txais LFGB daim ntawv tshaj tawm los ntawm lub koom haum tso cai los ua pov thawj tias lawv yog "cov khoom lag luam uas ua. tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg" (LFGB ntawv pov thawj cutlery mark) thiab tuaj yeem muag hauv khw German.
Lus Cim: Lub ntsiab lus ntawm LFGB ntawv pov thawj cutlery mark
LFGB ntawv pov thawj riam thiab rab rawg yog cov cim kev nyab xeeb khoom noj. Yog tias muaj riam thiab rab rawg cim ntawm cov khoom tsim nyog txhua hnub uas tuaj rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog cov khoom noj, nws txhais tau tias cov khoom tau dhau qhov kev sim thiab ua tau raws li ntau tus qauv German thiab European, ua tau raws li cov cai ntawm German LFGB cov cai, thiab ua pov thawj tias nws tsis muaj. tshuaj lom neeg uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg lub cev. Nws tuaj yeem muag hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab lwm lub khw European thiab Asmeskas. Hauv kev ua lag luam nyob sab Europe, cov khoom siv nrog rab riam thiab rab diav rawg tuaj yeem txhim kho cov neeg siv khoom kev ntseeg siab thiab xav yuav lawv. Nws yog cov cuab yeej ua lag luam muaj zog thiab ua kom muaj kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom lag luam hauv kev ua lag luam.
Cov hauv qab no yog ib qho kev faib catalog ntawm LFGB cov khoom kuaj pom zoo
Qhov ntau ntawm LFGB cov khoom noj khoom haus sib cuag yog dav heev. Cov ntaub ntawv uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog cov zaub mov, xws li ntim khoom noj, txawm tias nws yog yas, roj hmab, iav, hlau, lossis lwm yam khoom siv, lossis txheej txheej, yog txhua yam khoom noj khoom haus sib cuag thiab yuav tsum tau xeem European zaub mov qib. Cov khoom kuaj ntau yam muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus hauv qab no:
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Yas, iav, ceramic, roj hmab, ntawv, ntoo |
khob, wine sets, fwj, kas fes teeb, thiab lwm yam. |
LFGB zaub mov qib kuaj cov khoom yog:
(1) Melamine xeem: kev kuaj kev tsiv teb tsaws, formaldehyde dissolution test, sensory test
(2) Cov khoom siv yas PE: kev kuaj kev tsiv teb tsaws, kev ntsuas tus nqi peroxide, chromium cov ntsiab lus kuaj, ntsuas cov ntsiab lus vanadium, zirconium cov ntsiab lus kuaj, ntsuas ntsuas
(3) PET cov khoom yas: kev kuaj kev tsiv teb tsaws, zinc cov ntsiab lus kuaj, cov ntsiab lus txhuas, kev kuaj kev tsiv teb tsaws, kev kuaj tus nqi peroxide
(4) Cov khoom siv roj hmab Silicone: 3 qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, (VOM) cov ntsiab lus tsis zoo ntawm cov organic teeb meem, kev ntsuas tus nqi peroxide, cov organic tin compound test, sensory test
(5) Cov khoom siv roj hmab: 3 qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw, formaldehyde dissolution test, zinc cov ntsiab lus kuaj, cov ntsiab lus txhuas, cov tshuaj tsw qab amine migration test, nitrosamine cov ntsiab lus, kev kuaj pom
(6) Cov khoom siv hlau, alloy thiab electroplating: hnyav hlau tawg (lead, cadmium, chromium, npib tsib xee) kuaj, ntsuas qhov ntsuas
(7) PP cov khoom siv yas: kev kuaj kev tsiv teb tsaws, chromium cov ntsiab lus kuaj, ntsuas cov ntsiab lus vanadium, zirconium cov ntsiab lus kuaj, ntsuas qhov ntsuas
(8) Cov khoom siv ntoo: (PCP) pentachlorophenol test, formaldehyde tso tawm, ntsuas ntsuas
(9) Cov khoom siv iav: txhuas thiab cadmium dissolution xeem rau cov khoom noj khoom haus sib cuag, ntxiv txhuas thiab cadmium dissolution xeem rau iav fwj
Yog li ntawd, xaiv lub iav lub raj mis kom zoo tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb heev. Qhov no yog vim hais tias tus neeg muag khoom yuav cuam tshuam rau ntau yam ntawm koj txoj kev lag luam, xws li hom duab, nyiaj tau los, cov khoom zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab. Tus neeg muag khoom zoo tuaj yeem pab koj tsim koj lub hom phiaj hauv kev ua lag luam thiab ua rau cov neeg siv khoom muaj kev ntseeg siab hauv koj cov khoom, thaum tus neeg muag khoom tsis zoo yuav ua rau koj lub lag luam poob loj heev ntawm lub koob npe, sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag.
Kev txiav txim siab xaiv tus neeg xa khoom tuaj yeem yog txoj haujlwm nyuaj, tab sis tag nrho cov khoom ntawm Sciendow ntim tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas cov hlau hnyav los ntawm SGS, lub tuam txhab kev lag luam uas tau lees paub thoob ntiaj teb kev ywj pheej thib peb, muab peb cov neeg siv khoom muaj txiaj ntsig kev thaj yeeb ntawm lub siab. Rau txhua pawg ntawm cov khoom uas tawm ntawm kab, Sciendow yuav muab SGS ntawv pov thawj, yog li ntawv pov thawj SGS yog dab tsi?
SGS yog lub ntiaj teb kev tshuaj xyuas, kev txheeb xyuas, kuaj thiab ntawv pov thawj lub tuam txhab. Nws tau lees paub tias yog tus qauv ntsuas thoob ntiaj teb rau kev ua tau zoo thiab kev ncaj ncees. SGS muaj lub network thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov chaw sim thiab ntsuas qhov zoo, kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm koj cov khoom raws li cov qauv kev noj qab haus huv, kev nyab xeeb thiab kev tswj hwm. Nrog rau SGS daim ntawv pov thawj, nws tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias Sciendow cov khoom ua tau raws li cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb thiab cov kev cai lossis cov neeg siv khoom raws li cov qauv. Yog li ntawd, Sciendow ntim khoom yog koj xaiv zoo tshaj.