Kev xaiv ntawm iav muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum ua ntej kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov khoom, muaj cov thermal stability thiab tshuaj stability, ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem ntau lawm, yuav yooj yim rau yaj thiab qhia meej, muaj ob peb yam tsis xws luag, ua tiav cov xim zoo nkauj thiab luster xav tau los ntawm tableware iav. , thiab tseem xav txog kev siv cov khoom siv qis qis thaum txo cov pa phem.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm tableware iav
Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov iav iav tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau hom, xws li cov iav zoo tib yam dej qab zib-lime tableware iav, lead iav iav, lead-free crystal iav, iav opalescent, thiab xim iav.
Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov dej qab zib-lime tableware iav
Xyoo 2005, Pawg Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij thiab Pawg Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij thiab Cov Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij thiab Cov Kws Tshaj Lij Pab Pawg Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij thiab Pawg Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij tshaj lij thiab cov kws tshaj lij kev tshaj lij pab pawg kws tshaj lij hauv Tuam Tshoj niaj hnub iav Association tau tsim cov txheej txheem kev sib koom ua ke rau cov txheej txheem kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov iav iav hauv tsev, saib Table 3-6.
Cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg nyob rau hauv Table 3-6 feem ntau yog siv rau cov khoom siv ntawm sodium-lime utensil iav uas yog mechanically tsim ntawm kev kub ceev los ntawm lub tshuab tshuab, tshuab nias, thiab lwm yam, xws li tshuab-pressed khob dej kub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis muaj feem xyuam rau qee cov khoom siv tes ua iav uas yuav tsum tau "ntev" cov khoom siv, vim tias cov calcium thiab magnesium cov ntsiab lus siab dhau lawm, tus nqi hardening yog ceev, thiab phau ntawv sau yog nyuaj rau kev khiav lag luam. Txhawm rau txuas ntxiv nws cov khoom siv, cov ntsiab lus calcium oxide feem ntau tsawg dua 6%; Cov khoom siv raw ntawm magnesium oxide yog cov ntsiab lus hlau siab, yog li nws tsis tshua muaj siv hauv cov iav iav. Cov khoom siv tes ua iav ua hauv Shanxi thiab Hebei yog cov khoom siv iav pob tshab, uas yog yaj hauv lub pas dej ua ke. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab sodium yog qhov tsawg, ntawm li 16%. Northeast handmade glassware paub txog nws cov iav xim. Pob tshab soda-lime iav yuav tsum ua kom haum rau cov iav xim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov iav xim feem ntau yog yaj hauv lub cub tawg, uas nyuaj rau yaj. Qhov teeb meem no feem ntau daws tau los ntawm kev nce cov ntsiab lus alkali hauv iav muaj pes tsawg leeg, uas yog kwv yees li 18%. Cov dej qab zib-txiv qaub iav siv rau cov xim sib xws hauv Boshan, Shandong, muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab sodium ntawm kwv yees li 20%, uas yooj yim rau yaj. Feem ntau ntawm nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb yog ornaments, uas tsis yooj yim los qhia qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov thermal stability uas tsis zoo los ntawm cov alkali siab. Ntawm chav kawm, raws li lub tank kiln maj mam hloov lub crucible kiln, cov ntsiab lus alkali nyob rau hauv cov iav muaj pes tsawg leeg kuj txo qis raws li kev lag luam xav tau. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm pob tshab iav yog qhia hauv Table 3-7.
Tus lej 1 thiab 2 yog cov khoom xyaw ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua hauv tsev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau yog ntau dua li cov lej 3 txog 6. Qhov no muaj feem xyuam rau kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw thiab kev tswj cov txheej txheem, thiab tseem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov xim dawb, pob tshab thiab tag nrho kev ntxhib los mos ntawm cov khoom kawg. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov lej 3 txog 6 yog cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj silicon oxide, cov ntsiab lus calcium oxide uas ua lub luag haujlwm kub kub yog li 7%, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab sodium oxide nce mus txog 19%. Lub melting kub ntawm cov iav nrog cov khoom xyaw no yog qis dua cov naj npawb 1 thiab 2. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntsiab lus ntawm aluminium oxide yog siab. Obviously, tshuaj stability ntawm lub iav tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm aluminium oxide. Table 3-8 yog cov qauv ntawm pob tshab iav siv hauv kev tsim khoom.
Xim iav muaj pes tsawg leeg
Cov qauv 632 tau tsim ua tiav nyob rau lub Ob Hlis 1963. Hauv xyoo 1984, cov qauv kev txhim kho tau thov kom tshem tawm cov poov tshuaj nitrate thiab luminol, uas yog kim dua. Arsenic oxide tau raug hloov los ntawm lwm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke, thiab lwm cov khoom xyaw sib txawv raws li qhov xav tau tiag tiag ntawm txhua lub Hoobkas. Cov iav xim yog muab los ntawm lub hauv paus no. Ntxiv qee qhov xim ntawm cov xim rau cov iav pob tshab tuaj yeem ua tiav cov xim uas xav tau.
Xim iav xim yog muab faib ua ion xim thiab xim colloidal. Ion-xim xim iav feem ntau qhia txog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov hlau oxides thiab tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb oxides. Cov oxide ntawm ib qho kev hloov pauv hlau ua tau raws li txoj cai ntxiv. Co2+ thiab NF + yog qhov ruaj khov hauv valence hauv iav, thaum lwm cov hlau hloov pauv muaj nyob hauv ntau qhov sib txawv. Hauv kev tsim khoom tiag tiag, ntau lub ntsiab lus hlau oxides feem ntau sib xyaw kom ua tiav cov xim xav tau. Table 3-9 qhia cov xim xim ntawm kev hloov hlau hlau oxides. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog SiO2 72%, CaO 5.5%, ZnO 2.0%, Na2O 18.0%, thiab Al2Og 1.5%.
Rau xiav, kev sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab oxide thiab pob zeb diamond oxide tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov xim ntsuab ntawm tooj liab nws tus kheej, thaum tooj liab tuaj yeem tshem tawm cov xim liab ntawm cobalt. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob tuaj yeem tau txais lub suab ntawm lub teeb xiav thiab lub teeb cyan. Nyob nruab nrab ntawm tooj liab oxide thiab chromium oxide, nce tus nqi ntawm chromium, cov xim ntsuab sib xyaw ua rau lub suab daj; conversely, nce tus nqi ntawm tooj liab, cov xim sib xyaw ua ke tsim mus rau lub suab xiav. Kev sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab thiab chromium tuaj yeem tsim txhua qhov ntxoov ntxoo los ntawm daj-ntsuab mus rau xiav-ntsuab. Thaum manganese oxide thiab chromium oxide siv ua ke, ib qho me me ntawm chromium tuaj yeem txhawb cov xim ntawm manganese, tab sis nrog kev nce ntawm chromium, lub iav yuav tshwm sim ib qho tseem ceeb grey tone, qhia kev hloov ntawm xim av mus rau dub. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm "ferromanganese" tuaj yeem tsim cov xim xim av, uas cuam tshuam los ntawm Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm valence xeev, ntau colorants ntxiv, tab sis cov xim tsis sib sib zog nqus. "Cerium-Titanium Yellow" yog xim tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem qhia tau nrog kev sib txuas ruaj khov. Qee qhov nruab nrab grey tuaj yeem tau los ntawm kev sib koom cobalt, npib tsib xee, thiab tooj liab, uas txawv raws li ntau npaum li cas.
Cov oxides ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj cov ntsiab lus ruaj khov hauv cov xim, ntshiab xim thiab muaj ob xim xim. Cov xim muaj peev xwm tsis muaj zog, thiab thaum nws ncav cuag ib qho nyiaj, nws yuav qhia tau tias lub xeev saturated (Table 3-10). Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb yog SiO: 72%, CaO 5.5%, ZnO 2.0%. Na2O 18.0%, Al2O31.5%.
Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb yog cov ntshiab thiab muaj kuab heev, tab sis vim lawv cov nqi siab, lawv feem ntau yog siv hauv cov iav iav thiab cov duab kos duab. Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb muaj qee yam cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob xim thiab ntxiv tus nqi ntawm cov xim.
Colloidal xim feem ntau suav nrog kub, nyiaj daj, tooj liab liab thiab lwm yam xim, uas tsis ua raws li kev cai lij choj ntxiv. Cov iav yog xim los ntawm kev xaiv ntawm lub teeb, thiab cov xim nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov hlau hais tawm hauv lub khob. Yog tias cov khoom me me dhau lawm, nws tsis yooj yim los qhia, thiab yog tias cov khoom loj dhau lawm, cov xim yooj yim tshwm sim. Txhawm rau kom tau txais cov khoom sib npaug ntawm cov hlau uas muaj qhov loj me me, qee qhov txo cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau hauv kev tsim, xws li stannous oxide thiab stannous chloride, uas feem ntau siv cov "hlau khoom" ntawm tin ions los ua cov colloidal hais heev. dispersed ntawm cov hlau txuas hniav ntawm tin ions thiab inhibit qhov kev loj hlob ntxiv ntawm colloidal hais. Hauv cov iav colloidal xim xws li kub liab thiab tooj liab liab, cov tin-muaj cov khoom no ua lub luag haujlwm ntawm "cov kua nplaum tiv thaiv". Kev hloov ntawm iav muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov xim rendering nyhuv. Rau qhov thib ob xim-tsim colloidal xim iav, SnOz thiab cov xim siv rau hauv cov iav xim yog raws li hauv qab no: kub liab iav SnOAu=100'(1 ~ 4); silver yellow iav SnO:1Ag=(5~10):1. Indium iav, (1 ~ 2) 1. Tom qab cadmium thiab cadmium tebchaw raug txwv kom meej, tooj liab liab yuav dhau los ua cov lus qhia tseem ceeb.